Императорский Рим

The Vandal Arian Church in North Africa is often regarded as a kind of ethnical religious group with prevailing of the German element. But in reality the situation was more complicated. In this case the investigation of the dynamics of Arian Church development is of the special interest.

Plumbata, mattiobarbula and μαρτζοβάρβουλον were the names of a javelin with a lead weight. It was a part of standard military equipment of Late Roman soldiers. Vegetius, Maurice and Anonymous Reformer describe the plumbata as a throwing weapon with a range of throw superior to the javelin. Archaeological remains of plumbata looks like small barbed head on the iron stem and barrel shaped lead weight. Their length could vary from 98 mm to 275 mm long and weight from 130 gm to 350 gm.

После гибе­ли Сти­ли­хо­на (22 авгу­ста 408 г.), фак­ти­че­ско­го пра­ви­те­ля Запад­ной Рим­ской импе­рии при импе­ра­то­ре Гоно­рии, для Рима насту­пи­ла наи­бо­лее тра­ги­че­ская пора за все вре­мя его суще­ст­во­ва­ния. В тече­ние двух после­дую­щих лет Горо­ду при­шлось пере­жить три оса­ды Ала­ри­ха, сопро­вож­дав­ши­е­ся страш­ным голо­дом и мас­со­вы­ми бес­по­ряд­ка­ми, и, нако­нец, взя­тие и раз­граб­ле­ние.

Зна­че­ние тер­ми­на auxi­lia неод­но­крат­но меня­лось в про­цес­се эво­лю­ции рим­ской воен­ной систе­мы.

Изу­чая исто­рию позд­ней Рим­ской импе­рии, мы стал­ки­ва­ем­ся с чрез­вы­чай­но запу­тан­ной тер­ми­но­ло­ги­ей, вплоть до того, что ино­гда труд­но раз­ли­чить этно­ни­мы и поня­тия совер­шен­но иной кате­го­рии, напри­мер, свя­зан­ные с соци­аль­ной либо воен­ной сфе­рой. Разу­ме­ет­ся, ни в одном источ­ни­ке невоз­мож­но встре­тить опре­де­ле­ния этих поня­тий, да и вооб­ще сведе­ния о них, как пра­ви­ло, весь­ма фраг­мен­тар­ны.

На одном из релье­фов колон­ны Тра­я­на в Риме изо­бра­же­на депу­та­ция, при­быв­шая к импе­ра­то­ру во вре­мя его Вто­рой дакий­ской вой­ны, зимой 105/6 г. В соста­ве доволь­но мно­го­чис­лен­ной груп­пы пред­ста­ви­те­лей раз­ных пле­мен пред­став­лен знат­ный дак, сто­я­щий перед дву­мя бесе­дую­щи­ми меж­ду собой гре­ка­ми-бос­по­ря­на­ми.

The Roman legionary’s arms changed very much in the epoch of the Later Empire in comparison with the ones existing in the time of the Republic and the Principate. The radical changes came about as well in the military methods used by the Romans in battlefield: the phalanx defensive tactics replaced the traditional legion tactics of combined action when pilum volley anticipated hand-to-hand fighting.

New family conception making was a topical task during the period of Christian society formation. Tertullian rather consequently protested the trends which denied a family but considered the saving of marriage as a temporary concession to human weakness. The family model which he proposed did not imply any social responsibilities beyond church activity. Neither common housekeeping, nor children birth could be a reasonable ground for creating a family. Paradoxically, only inability to continence was admitted by him as a good cause to get married.

Material from Pompeii allows to restore the picture of economic life of nobility in the city, who joined, quite actively, the commercial life of the community, starting from II B. C. There they joined activities of free craftspeople, who worked in small workshops. Domus, usually belonging to one family, becomes the center of families’ economic life. The number of small shops and workshops around was growing; and they were given, as peculia, to individuals, who were under the power of a houseowner.