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Gorokhov A. A. Socio-economic and Cultural Development of Ancient Israel South in the X-IX c. BC (Based on the Archaeological Material of Shefela). Ancient World and Archaeology, 2019, vol. 19, iss. 19, pp. 3-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18500/0320-961X-2019-19-3-11, EDN: CEOJVW

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Russian
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Article
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CEOJVW

Socio-economic and Cultural Development of Ancient Israel South in the X-IX c. BC (Based on the Archaeological Material of Shefela)

Abstract: 

The report analyzes the socio-economic and cultural development of the South of Ancient Israel in X–IX centuries BC. The author explores the archaeological material of Shefela. The military factor contributed to the formation of the fortresses, development of large regional centers such as Gezer, Lachish. The good environment Shefela led to the development in the region of agricultural specialization. The role of participation of state structures was great in economic development. This process contributed to the development of monumental construction and various types of handicraft production. Based on the analysis of epigraphic material (two inscriptions found in the town of Khirbet Qeiyafa, calendar from city of Gezer, of alphabet from the settlement of Tel-Zayit) it is concluded that Shefela was one of the main centers of the development of writing in Palestine during this period.

Reference: 

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Ussishkin D. Gath, Lachish and Jerusalem in the 9th Cent. B.C.E. – an Archaeological Reassement // ZDPV. 2015. 131 (2). P. 129–149.

Yardeni A. Further Observations on the Ostracon // Garfinkel Y., Ganor S. Khirbet Qeiyafa. Vol. 1. Excavation Report. 2007–2008. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society; Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2009. Ch. 14A. P. 259–270.

Тантлевский И.Р. Царь Давид и его эпоха в Библии и истории. СПб.: РХГА, 2016. 412 c.

Ben-Shlomo D. Petrographic Analysis of Iron Age Pottery // Garfinkel Y., Ganor S. Khirbet Qeiyafa. Vol. 1. Excavation Report. 2007–2008. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society; Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2009. Ch. 8. P. 161–173.

Bunimovitz S., Lederman Z. Beth-Shemesh // The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land / E. Stern (ed.). Vol. 1. Jerusalem: Israel Explorations Society and Carta, 1993. P. 249–253.

Dever W.G. Gezer II. Report of the 1967–70 Seasons in Fields I and II / W.G. Dever (ed.). Vol. II. Jerusalem: Hebrew Union College, 1974. – IX, 137 p. + 75 Pl.

Dever W.G. Archaeology, the Israelite Monarchy, and the Solomonic Temple // The Blackwell companion to the Hebrew Bible / W.G. Dever; L.G. Perdue (eds.). Oxf.: Blackwell Publishers, 2001. P. 127–147.

Čapek F. The Shepelah in the Iron Age I and Iron Age IIA: A New Survey of the Emergence of the Early Kingdom of Judah // Oriental Archive. 2012. Vol. 80. No. 3. P. 475–504.

Freikman N., Garfinkel Y. Area C // Garfinkel Y., Ganor S., Hasel M.G. Khirbet Qeiyafa. Vol. 2. Excavation Report 2009–2013: Stratigraphy and Architecture (Areas B, C, D, E). Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society; Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2014. Ch. 7. P. 93–226.

Galil G. The Hebrew Inscription from Khirbet Qeiyafa / Netaim. Script, Language, Literature and History // UF. 2009. Bd. 41 / von M. Dietrich, O. Loretz (hrsg.). Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2010. P. 193–242.

Garfinkel Y. Stone and Metal Artifacts // Garfinkel Y., Ganor S. Khirbet Qeiyafa. Vol. 1. Excavation Report. 2007–2008. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society; Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2009. Ch. 9. P. 175–194.

Garfinkel Y. et all. The ʾIšbaʿal Inscription from Khirbet Qeiyafa // BASOR. 2015. No. 373. P. 217–233.

Garfinkel Y., Ganor S. Khirbet Qeiyafa. Vol. 1. Excavation Report. 2007–2008. Jerusalem, 2009.

Garfinkel Y., Ganor S. Khirbet Qeiyafa in Context // Garfinkel Y., Ganor S. Khirbet Qeiyafa. Vol. 1. Excavation Report. 2007–2008. Jerusalem, 2009. Ch. 1. P. 3–18.

Garfinkel Y., Ganor S., Hasel M.G. Khirbet Qeiyafa. Vol. 2. Excavation Report 2009–2013: Stratigraphy and Architecture (Areas B, C, D, E). Jerusalem, 2014.

Gilboa A., Waiman-Barak P. Cipriot Ceramic Imports of Khirbet Qeiyafa: Provenience, Chronology and Significance // Garfinkel Y., Ganor S., Hasel M.G. Khirbet Qeiyafa. Vol. 2. Excavation Report 2009–2013: Stratigraphy and Architecture (Areas B, C, D, E). Jerusalem, 2014. Ch. 15. P. 391–402.

Herzog Z., Singer-Avitz L. Redefining the Centre: The Emergence of State in Judah // Tel Aviv. 2004. Vol. 31. No. 2. P. 209–244.

Kang H., Garfinkel Y. Ashdod Ware I: Middle Philistine Decorated Ware // Garfinkel Y., Ganor S. Khirbet Qeiyafa. Vol. 1. Excavation Report. 2007–2008. Jerusalem, 2009. Ch. 7. P. 151–160.

Kehati R. The Faunal Assemblage // Garfinkel Y., Ganor S. Khirbet Qeiyafa. Vol. 1. Excavation Report. 2007–2008. Jerusalem, 2009. Ch. 11. P. 201–208.

Misgav H., Garfinkel Y., Ganor S. The Ostracon // Garfinkel Y., Ganor S. Khirbet Qeiyafa. Vol. 1. Excavation Report. 2007–2008. Jerusalem, 2009. Ch. 14. P. 243–257.

Oritz S.M., Wolff S.R. Tel Gezer Excavations 2006–2015: The Transformation of a Border City // The Shephelah during the Iron Age. Recent Archaeological Studies / O. Lipschits, A.M. Maeir (eds.). Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2017. P. 61–103.

Seger J.D., Borowski O. Tel Halif // The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land / E. Stern (ed.). Vol. 1. Jerusalem: Israel Explorations Society and Carta, 1993. P. 557–558.

Shai I. Tel Burna: A judahite Fortified Town in the Shephelah // The Shephelah during the Iron Age. Recent Archaeological Studies / O. Lipschits, A.M. Maeir (eds.). Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2017. P. 46–61.

Tappy R.E. An Abecedary of the Mid-Tenth Century B.C.E. from the Judaean Shephelah // BASOR. 2006. No. 344. P. 5–46.

Jacobs P.F. Tel Halif // The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land / E. Stern (ed.). Suppl. Vol. 5. Jerusalem; Washington: Israel Exploration Society; Biblical Archaeology Society, 2008. P. 1761–1762.

Ussishkin D. Biblical Lachish. A Tale of Construction, Destruction, Excavation and Restoration / Engl. Transl. M. Feinberg Vamosh. Jerusalem, 2014. – 446 p.

Ussishkin D. Gath, Lachish and Jerusalem in the 9th Cent. B.C.E. – an Archaeological Reassement // ZDPV. 2015. 131 (2). P. 129–149.

Yardeni A. Further Observations on the Ostracon // Garfinkel Y., Ganor S. Khirbet Qeiyafa. Vol. 1. Excavation Report. 2007–2008. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society; Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2009. Ch. 14A. P. 259–270.

Received: 
05.02.2019
Accepted: 
01.09.2019
Published: 
18.12.2019